In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out that the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is largely because of the not enough oxygen in Nb2O5, utilised for a raw content First melt (Czochralski process) [186]. Accordingly, according to its production technological know-how, niobium pentoxide can undertake an array of compositions Nb2O5−x. https://landenfgezx.win-blog.com/12837663/not-known-facts-about-lithium-niobate-crystal